Look at the above sentence. “ the book “ is  a word about which something is being said. It comes before ‘is’ , so it is called ‘ the subject ‘ or Mubtada. Then after ‘is ‘ we find ‘new’ . It describes the condition of the subject or what the subject is doing . It is called the ‘ the Predicate ‘ or al-khabaru in arabic. In arabic there is no word for ‘is’, ‘am’ or ‘are’. 

Some rules regarding subject and predicate 

hence الْكِتاَبُ      ( al- kitabu ).  The tanween is dropped after noun becomes defnite and al (الْ) prefix is attached. 

2. The vowel mark of Predicate (  Khabar ) is also damma .
hence جَدِيدٌ   ( Jadeedun )

3. If the subject is masculine then the predicare must also be masculine.

 e.g.   اَلْكِتابُ جَدِيدٌ.    ( al-kitaabu jadiidun )     -  The book is new

4. If the subject is feminine then the predicate must also be feminine.

e.g.   الّمُدَرًٌسَةٌ جَدِيدٌَةٌ.      ( al-mudarrisatun jadiidun )    - The teacher is new. Here adding the ة ( Ta Marbuta ) suffix makes it feminine.
 

 زيْدٌ  (Zaidun )      Zaid
هُوا.   (huwa)         he

A verb denotes state or action and has any one of the three tenses. e.g

فَتَحَ - to open

فَتَحَتُ   Fatahtu   _  I opened ( past tense )  

اَفتَحُ     Aftahu    _  I open ( present tense ) 

A particle does not convey any meaning without a noun or verb as :

فِىْ.      (fi)         in

مِنْ.       (min)    from   

A noun is either indefnite or defnite. If a noun does not indicate some specific person, place, or thing, it is called “ indefnite or common Noun “ such as

كِتابٌ.    ( kitabun )      a book    ( may be any book )

If a noun denotes some specific person, place or thing, it is called “ defnite or proper noun. e.g

زيْدٌ    ( Zaidun )      Zaid - name of a particular person 

One way of making a noun defnite is to prefix the defnite article ال (al) to it and to omit its nunation ( tanween ) e.g

اَل + كِتابٌ = اَلكِتاَبُ        ( alkitabu ).  the book. 

a noun has two genders , masculine and feminine

اِبنٌ ( ibnun )     son  ( masculine ) 
اِبْنَةٌ ( ibnatun )   daughter ( feminine )  

 There are two kinds of sentences in Arabic :

1. Nominal sentence ; it begins with a noun; 

فَاطِمَةٌ صَالِحَةٌ     ( fatimatu salihatu) . Fatima is virtuous.

2. Verbal sentence : it begins with a verb 

ذَهَبَ   زَيْدٌ.        ( zahaba Zaidun ). Zaid went.     

Sentence construction 

 It is a house _ هُوَ  بىتٌ  ( There is no specific word in Arabic for it, instead  he is used if subject is masculine ). 

simple sentences with singular pronouns.

  انا   زيدُنٌ      _  ( Ana Zaiddun )   I am Zaiuddin

انتِ _ مسلمةٌ    _  ( Anti Muslimatun )  you are a muslim

 'هِى' مُدرسةٌ  _  ( heya  mudarisatun ) She is a teacher

 ُانا فاتمة  _   (  Ana Fatimatu and not Fatmitun ). _ I am Fatima
female names ending with ة are exception to case 1 ending and do end in dammatain.