Verbs

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The videos below are from learn arabic with Nadia which is an excellant website. 
 Arabic verbs (فِعْل fiʿl; pl. أَفْعَال afʿāl), like the verbs in other Semitic languages, and the entire vocabulary in those languages, are based on a set of two, three, four and also five (but mainly three) consonants called a root (triliteral or quadriliteralaccording to the number of consonants). The root communicates the basic meaning of the verb, e.g. كتب k-t-b 'write', قرء q-r-ʾ'read', أكل ʾ-k-l 'eat'. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as person, gender, number, tense, mood, and voice.

 

The past tense verb (اَلفِعْلُ الْماَضِي _ al-felu al- mazi)

denotes action that took place in the past. e.g

He wrote  = كَتَبَ

consider the following sentence below

The person doing the action is called “ The doer”  (اَلْفاَعِلُ - al-faa’ilu)   which is Zaid. The tashkeel will be dammatain. ٌ

اَلمَفْعُولُThe effect of the verb falls on the “object “ (2 _ al-maf ‘uulu) which is book  in this example. The tashkeel is fathatain ً
hence كِتاَباً _ Kitabun.

 Thus the sentence becomes 

 كَتَبَ  مَاجِدٌ كِتَباً

The doer Zaid is a proper name , it does not need آَلْ . So it has tanween with damma (case 1). زيْدٌ
 
In English the word order is fixed 
E.g.  
Zaid wrote a book.   It can’t be  -Book a wrote Zaid . 
In contrast in Arabic the word order for a verbal sentence can either be

1. verb-doer-object   e.g. -   كَتَبَ زَيُدٌ كِتاَبآً
2. doer - verb-object  e.g - زىْدٌ كَتَبَ كِتاباً

although both are correct first number is preferred. 

Also in English the verb " Wrote “  can stay as it is whether the doer is singular or plural, masculine or feminine.
e.g He wrote,  She wrote, They wrote. et

But in Arabic the past tense of the verb varies. The past tense كَتَبَ  (he wrote ) is considered to be the original or the starting point to which different suffixes are added  to get the desired gender and number.

e.g

كَتَبَ. -  He wrote.      Suffix -none

كَتَباَ   _ two men wrote.     suffix - الف

كَتَبَتْ  _ she wrote.           suffix - تْ

كَتَبْتَ. _ you wrote.           suffix - تَ

 كَتَبْتُمْ. _ you wrote (masculine plural ).      suffix - تُمْ

etc 

 Note that once the desired suffix is attached to the original كَتَبَ no pronoun is required 
e.g She wrote will not be هِيَ   كَتَبَتْ   there is no need for هِيَ (she) as the suffix تْ contains the meaning of هِىَ

The masculine doer must have a masculine verb
e.g. - قَرَاَ ٬مَاجدٌ

similarily the feminine doer must have a feminine verb

قَرَاَتْ عَاءشَةُ   

The Present Tense Verb

 Zaid Writes a book

 The present tense verb denotes action that is taking place now like:
He reads =  يَقْرَآُ 
He writes = يَكْتُبُ 

Like in past tense verb the doer and object get damma and fatha and the gender rules are also the same.

يَكْتُبُ  زيْدٌ  كِتاَباً   (yaktubu Zaidun Kitaban )    

•  To sit  _ جَلَسَ  _  يَجْلِسْ
•  To write _ كَتَبَ _ يَكتُبُ
• To read _ قَرَا  _  يَقْرَا
• To live _  سَكَنَ _ يضسْكْ٫ُ
•  To open _ فَتَح _ يَفْتَحُ

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